The Medieval Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Medieval Era - Essay Example The Medieval Era or the Middle Ages was characterized feudal system that mostly exalted Knights, Nobles, and Kings. The era mostly lasted between the 5th and the 15th century and was eventually replaced by the Renaissance or the Age of Discovery. During this period, there existed a division amongst Knights including a code of chivalry as noted in Charny’s book A Knight’s Own Book of Chivalry. It means chivalry was a moral, religious, and social code in the Middle Ages in defining a knightly conduct. Additionally, knights of that time had sore lives that depended on charity, justice and faith. Therefore, maintenance of high level of morality was a defining point of morals. However, from 1437 to 1449, Early Modern Period of the Medieval Era experienced certain fundamental changes that later shaped Europe extensively. For instance, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg heralds a new era of publishing both news and literature in societal domain. The development equally expanded accessibility throughout Europe hence widening readership amongst the citizens. In 1442, the eruption of the Battle of Szeben results to the third victory orchestrated by Hungarian forces under the leadership of Janos Hunyadi. The war is against the Ottoman forces. Also known as the Battle of Sibiu or the Battle of Hermannstadt, the war claimed about 15-20, 000 Ottoman soldiers whiles the Hungarian side lost approximately 3-4,000 men. Unfortunately, the victory could not be translated in the Battle of the Iron that was fought close to the Danube (Newman 145). Another interesting development entails the Battle of Varna that resulted to victory for the Ottomans. Notably, it was a determining battle to reclaim the Crusade of Varna that resulted to the massive defeat of Hungarian-Polish forces and the ultimate death of their leader, Wladyslaw III. On that note, the timeline between 1300 and 1600

Writing Historical Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writing Historical Fiction - Essay Example For a time I had decided after high school I wanted to pursue something different rather than simply entering college. I had no idea what I would do – get a job, study in a Buddhist monastery, join a commune – whatever it was it would ensure that my life was unique. One night I expressed this desire to my father, Daniel. Rather than rejecting my idea as I had expected he would, he empathized with me and told me that when he turned eighteen he had similar feelings. Rather than pursuing anything similar to what I had proposed, however, he went on a summer long excursion throughout the western United States. My father was born and grew up in Montana. Growing up in a large family he never really had the opportunity to travel throughout the country. After high school, before deciding on his next course of action, he and two of his friends piled into a Cadillac and started towards the western part of United States with nothing but a map and backpack of clothes. â€Å"We didn ’t really have a plan† he told me. â€Å"Really, all we knew is that we wanted to see California and take it from there.† They passed through Idaho and Oregon, heading straight for San Francisco. It was 1972 when my father and his friends drove over the Golden Gate Bridge into the city. Throughout the late 1960s San Francisco had become the center of hippie culture. Protests regularly occurred there, bands and artists frequented the area, and songs were even written about the city. While San Francisco had experienced this great idealism in the 1960s, the early 1970s were a time of growing cynicism. â€Å"We pulled into the city with a great sense of naivete, believing there would be young people with flowers and guitars all over the streets. In reality we were a few years late† he told me. They made it throughout many of the characteristic spots, â€Å"We went to Haight-Ashbury, saw Alcatraz, and rode the cable cars.† I had heard of San Francisco as the epicenter of 1960s culture, so I was very curious as to what had happened to the area’s optimism. â€Å"The month we pulled into the city was the same month men had been arrested for the Watergate scandal. A few years before Charles Manson had been arrested for leading the Tate-Labianca killings. It seemed like the collective culture of the area had grown tired of itself.† They explored throughout the city nonetheless. While San Francisco was the heart of the 1960s counter-culture movement, the city also has an illustrious history dating back to the 19th century gold rush. â€Å"What I remember the most is walking along the peer where the fishermen brought in their daily catch. Stands had been setup where you could buy fresh fish and chips. We sat along that peer each night looking out at Alcatraz.† After a couple days in the city they decided to explore the surrounding area. They ventured up a hill that overlooked the city. â€Å"The hill had actually bee n an old Northern Civil War army base† he told me. It really surprised me to discover that preparations for the Civil War had extended as far west as San Francisco. While the area was a designated no camping zone, they were traveling on a budget; they waited until night time and set up sleeping bags out of site of possible passersby. â€Å"We walked out to the top of the hill before right before the sunset and looked out across the Golden Gate Bridge and the city of San Francisco. I thought about all the people that had looked along here before and all the development the city had gone through. It was truly an American relic† he told me. He would go to sleep that night, but be woken up by cats clawing at his face.

Synthesis of Strontitum Hexaferrites Nanoparticals

Synthesis of Strontitum Hexaferrites Nanoparticals ABSTRACT The SrFe12O19 is hard magnetic material (hexa-ferrite) with magneto plum bite structure . It has attract much attention in past few decades due to their Scientific Technological applications in the frequency rages of microwave to radio frequency. Due to used for high frequency application in multilayer chip inductor. This is due to high magneto crystalline anisotropy , High curie temperature, High Electrical resistivity High Di-electric constant as well as high saturation ( Magnetization Coericivity). The Dielectric Magnetic properties of hexa-ferrites materials in the nano regime are significantly different from their bulk materials. The work in this thesis consists of three aspects, Synthesis of strontitum hexaferrites nanoparticals by Non-convetional Citrate precursor method (chemical method). Effect of Annealing Temperature on Magnetic properties of strontitum hexaferrites. Effect of Structural , Electrical optical properties have been studied. These samples were characterized through X-Ray diffraction for its size properties. The particle size was determined in scherrer’s formula. The samples were studied for their full report showing their magnetic properties based on the hysteresis loop formation for the samples prepared at the two temperatures through VSM . Electrical optical properties have been examined through Impedance analyzer Photo Luminance. 2. Literature Review Since the Discovery of the M type hexagonal ferrites in 1950’s . It has being of great  Interest due to its application as permanent magnetic materials perpendicular  Recording media. Due to its low cost, the main reason for its great success at moderate  magnetic properties. Various works has been carried to develop hexa-ferrite by various  methods and their properties has been investigated. On other hand extensive work has  been done to understand the effect of various dopant. It is found the doping of metal ion, rare earth ion substantially effects their properties. Work carried out in past few years on different processing methods and different dopants are given below: Structural and magnetic properties of La3+substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles prepared by citrate precursor method [16] Ankush Thakur,R.R. Singh, P.B. Barman , Lanthanum (La3+) doped The effects of La3+on magnetic properties have been analyzed using vibrating sample magnetometer and discussed. The results show that the coercivity has been improved by substitution of La3+on iron sites; coercivity value found to be increased with increase in La3+ . La 3+doped strontium ferrite, prepared by citrate precursor technique, have been analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), FESEM,FTIR and inductance capacitance resistance meter bridge. The XRD analysis shows that crystalline ferrite phase with hexagonal structure. when the precursor calcined at 900 °C for 5h. The crystallite size is found in the range of 31–38nm and the elemental composition has been examined by energy dispersive X-ray. The dc electrical resistivity has been found to be increased with increasing La3+content. Synthesis of strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles prepared using co-precipitation method and microemulsion processing [17] ADrmota,A.Ã…Â ½nidarÃ… ¡iÄ  andAKoÃ… ¡ak : , Strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) nanoparticles have been prepared with co-precipitation in aqueous solutions and precipitation in microemulsion system water/SDS/n-butanol/cyclohexane, calcined in a wide temperature range, from 350  °C to 1000  °C in a static air atmosphere. The influence of the Sr2+/Fe3+molar ratio and the calcination temperature to the chemistry of the product formation, its crystallite size, morphology and magnetic properties were investigated. It was found that the formation of single phase SrFe12O19with relatively high specific magnetization (54 Am2/kg) was achieved at the Sr2+/Fe3+molar ration of 6.4 and calcination at 800  °C for 3h with heating/cooling rate 5  °C/min.The specific magnetization (DSM-10, magneto-susceptometer) of the samples was measured. Preparation and investigation of magnetic properties of MnNiTi-substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles[18] M. Mozaffari, A. Arab,M.H. Yousefi, J. Amighian M-type strontium hexaferrite powders with substitution of Mn2+, Ni2+and Ti4+ions for Fe3+ions has been prepared via the conventional ceramic method. In order to get nanoparticles, the obtained powders were milled in a high energy SPEX mill for 1h. XRD investigations of the unmilled and milled powders show that the prepared samples are all single phase hexaferrite. Lattice parameters and mean crystallite sizes of the powders were determined from the XRD data and Scherrer’s formula. TEM was used to analyze their structures, magnetizations and coercivities of the samples in a magnetic field of 15kOe have been determined from the hysteresis loops. It was found that magnetizations of the milled samples were smaller than the magnetization of the unmilled samples. Synthesis, magnetic and dielectric properties of Er–Ni doped Sr-hexaferrite nanomaterials for applications in High density recording media and microwave devices [19] Muhammad Naeem Ashiqa,,Muhammad Javed Iqbalb, Muhammad Najam-ul-Haqa,Pablo Hernandez Gomezc,Ashfaq Mahmood Qureshia A sol–gel combustion method has been successfully employed for the synthesis of Sr-hexaferrite nanomaterials doped with Er3+and Ni2+at strontium and iron sites, respectively. A Simple and economic method has been used for synthesis of materials. The main aim for substitution of Er–Ni in Sr-hexaferrite is to improve magnetic properties and to reduce the crystallite size. We are able to improve the saturation magnetization and remanence with the doping of Er–Ni. Crystallite size is in the range 16–14nm, which is much smaller than that reported earlier. Dielectric constant is reduced which makes the material suitable for microwave devices. Crystallization kinetics of strontium hexaferrite: Correlation to structural, morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties [20] Ankush Thakur,R. R. Singh,P. B. Barman Citrate precursor technique has been used to synthesize strontium hexaferrite and reported here. The crystallization process for ferrite phase formation has been investigated by TG/DTG/DTA for three different heating rates in air atmosphere. The thermal process mainly consists of three essential steps; first removal of water residues; second decomposition of organic compound and the third step is crystallization of SrF12O19. The activation energy of reaction is, 157 KJ/mole, evaluated using non-isothermal kinetic model. The precursor and crystallized SrF12O19samples have been characterized for structural, chemical, morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties Using XRD, FTIR, FESEM,LCR meter bridge and VSM respectively. Influence of annealing temperature and doping rate on the magnetic properties of Zr–Mn substituted Sr-hexaferrite nanoparticles [21] Muhammad Javed Iqbala,Muhammad Naeem Ashiqb,Pablo Hernà ¡ndez-Gà ³mezc,Josà © Marà ­a Muà ±oz Muà ±ozc,Carlos Torres Cabrerac A series of M-type strontium hexaferrite samples having nominal composition SrZrxMnxFe12−2xO19(wherex=0.0–0.8) has been synthesized by the co-precipitation method. All the samples synthesized were of single magnetoplumbite phase. The particle size was found to be in the 40–65nm range for the samples annealed at 1193K while the samples annealed at 1443K were in the 100–200nm range. The saturation magnetization increase with temperature and reached maxima for the samples annealed at 1393K and then start to decrease while the coercivity decreases regularly with temperature. Structural evolution and magnetic properties of SrFe12O19nanofibers by electrospinning [22] Xiangqian Shen,Mingquan Liu,Fuzhan Song,Xianfeng Meng The SrFe12O19/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) composite fiber precursors were prepared by the sol-gel assisted electrospinning with ferric nitrate, strontium nitrate and PVP as starting reagents. M-type strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) nanofibers were derived from calcination of these precursors at 750–1,000 °C.The composite precursors and strontium ferrite nanofibers were characterized by FTIR , XRD, SEM VSM .After calcined at 750 °C for 2h the single M-type strontium ferrite phase is formed by reactions of iron oxide and strontium oxide produced during the precursor decomposition process. The nano fiber morphology, diameter, crystallite size and grain morphology are mainly influenced by the calcination temperature and holding time. The SrFe12O19nano fibers characterized with diameters of around 100nm and a necklace-like structure obtained at 900 °C for 2h, which is fabricated by nano sized particles about 60nm with the plate-like morphology elongated in the preferred dire ction perpendicular to thec-axis, show the optimized magnetic property with saturation magnetization 59Am2kg−1and coercivity 521kAm−1. It is found that the single domain critical size for these M-type strontium ferrite nanofibers is around 60nm. Structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of Cr–Zn doped strontium hexa-ferrites for high frequency applications [23] G. Asghar, M. Anis-ur-Rehman M-type strontium hexa-ferrite nano particles with composition SrFe12−2xCrxZnxO19(X=0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) were prepared by co-precipitation method and are reported for the first time. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful substitution of Cr and Zn ions in the strontium hexa-ferrite lattice. Structural morphology studied by SEM revealed that Cr–Zn doping inhabits the grain growth. Dielectric measurements were taken as a function of frequency in the range (10kHz to 3MHz). Both dielectric constants and dielectric losses were found to be decreasing with the increase in Cr–Zn concentration. As Cr–Zn doping favored the decrease in dielectric losses to a large extent (0.32–0.02) so the strontium hexa-ferrite with these dopants is very useful for high frequency applications. Influence of the iron content on the formation process of substituted Co–Nd strontium hexaferrite prepared by the citrate precursor method [24] S.E. Jacobo ,C. Herme , P.G. Bercoff Strontium hexa ferrite samples of different composition were prepared by the self-combustion method and heat-treated in air at 1100 °C for 2h: SrFe12O19(S0), Sr0.7Nd0.3Fe11.7Co0.3O19(SS), Sr0.7Nd0.3Fe10.7Co0.3O19(SM) and Sr0.7Nd0.3Fe8.4Co0.3O19(SL). The phase identification of the powders was performed using XRD. Only sample SL (with the lowest iron concentration) shows well-defined peaks of the hexaferrite phase with no secondary phases. Nd–Co substitution modifies saturation magnetization (MS) and coercivity (Hc) but only samples with low Fe3+content (SL and SM) show the best magnetic properties, indicating that the best results for applications of this ferrite will be obtained with an iron deficiency in the stoichiometric formulation. Sol–gel hydrothermal synthesis of strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles and the relation between their crystal structure and high coercivity properties [25] Thi Minh Hue Dang1, Viet Dung Trinh1, Doan Huan Bui1, Manh Huong Phan2and Dang Chinh Huynh1 Hard magnetic strontium hexaferrite SrFe12O19nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel hydrothermal method. The factors affecting the synthesized process, such as the mole proportion of the reactants, pH, temperature, the hydrothermal conditions and the calcination process, have been investigated. The crystal structures of these materials were refined by Rietveld method. The obtained materials have single crystal phase, equal nano-size, plate shape and high anisotropy. The high magnetic coercivity of 6.3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °kOe with the magnetization at 11.1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °kOe of 66à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °emuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °g−1at room temperature was observed for the strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles. For other nanoparticles (SrLnxFe12-xO19and SrFe12O19/CoFe2O4) synthesized on the basis of SrFe12O19the complex completion of the crystal structure distortion and the interaction between magnetic phases were observed. Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ultrafine Strontium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles [26] Darinka Primc1,Miha Drofenik1,2and Darko Makovec1 Ultrafine strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) nanoparticles have been synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of an appropriate suspension of Sr and Fe hydroxides in the presence of a large excess of OH–at temperatures between 130 and 170  °C. To avoid the parallel formation of any undesired hematite (ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3) during the synthesis, a large excess of Sr in the starting composition (Fe/Sr = 3) had to be used. When the treatment was performed below 170  °C, ultrafine nanoparticles were formed. The TEM images show they have a disc-like shape, approximately 12 nm wide, but only around 4 nm thick. The EDS analysis showed their composition corresponded to SrFe12O19. When the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment exceeded 170  °C, larger hexagonal platelet crystals appeared as a consequence of Ostwald ripening. The evolution of the size and morphology of the nanoparticles with the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment was also monitored by XRD and measurement of the m agnetic properties. A Simple Method for Synthesis of Strontium Ferrite Nanoparticles and their Polymeric Nanocomposites [27] G. Nabiyounia*, A. Yousofnejada, M. Seraja, S. Farshad Akhtarianfarb ,D. Ghanbarib Hard magnetic SrFe12O19(SrM) nanoparticles were synthesized by a facile sonochemical reaction. The magnetic nanoparticles were then added to acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polystyrene, polycarbonate,and poly sulfone to make magnetic nanocomposites. The magnetic properties of the samples were also investigated using an alternating gradient force magnetometer. The strontium ferrite nanoparticles exhibited ferrimagnetic behaviour at room temperature, with a saturation magnetization of 39 emu/g and a coercivity of 5070 Oe.The distribution of the SrFe12O19nanoparticles into the polymeric matrixes increases the coercivity. Magnetic, physical and electrical properties of Zr–Ni-substituted co-precipitated strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles [28] Muhammad Javed Iqbala ,Muhammad Naeem Ashiqa,Pablo Hernandez-Gomezb, Jose Maria Munozb A series of Zr–Ni-substituted strontium hexaferrite materials, SrZrxNixFe12−2xO19(x=0.0–0.8), was synthesized by the co-precipitation method and the crystallite size determined to be in the range of 30–47nm. The saturation magnetization increased from 72 to 98kAm−1while coercivity decreased from 1710 to 428Oe with Zr–Ni substitution. This improvement in both these properties makes these materials suitable for applications in recording media. The increase in resistivity suggests that the synthesized materials can be useful for application in microwave devices. Structural and electromagnetic characteristics of substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles [29] Ali Ghasemia,,Akimitsu Morisakob Substituted strontium ferrite SrFe9(Mn0.5Co0.5Zr)3/2O19has been prepared from sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and vector network analyzer, were used to analyze the structure and dynamic magnetic properties. Powders of sample show a hexagonal fine platelet structure and narrow particle size distribution. Based on microwave measurement on reflectivity, SrFe9(Mn0.5Co0.5Zr)3/2O19may be a good candidate for electromagnetic compatibility and other practical applications at high frequency.

AP Literature and Composition level Essay

 ¡Cruza la frontera ya!There is a serious circumstance that is troubling America: the inability of we Americans to accept our Hispanic counterparts. This is no forgivable matter; it is surrounding our country. Sure they â€Å"illegally† cross the border but is there really a difference between the America-Mexico border and the Texas-New Mexico border? I didn’t think so. These citizens who come to America benefit us in so ways; many of which we have never even began to consider. When our Hispanic friends enter the United States they bring with them a whole new culture. These contacts to Hispanic history teach us Spanish. I plan on getting a minor degree in Spanish when I go to college but at this rate I will know the language before I even graduate high school. Not only are we exposed to Spanish but also Hispanic foods. Where would the country, and especially Roanoke Rapids, be without Mexican food? Think people. Chimichangas are the fuels to our minds and they give the sewage companies business. All those clogged septic tanks. The food, which Hispanic Americans bring to this country, creates jobs and by the way this economy is going we are going to need as many jobs as possible. While we are speaking of jobs, let us address the role of Hispanics in the workplace. The entire reason that they cross the border is to pursue a better life. So let them. Allow these border hoppers to take your job or even give them a job. If you own a farm, migrant workers are the new slaves. They are cheap laborers but be sure to buy them as soon as you seem them because they will be gone in a split second. Even if they cannot become a farmhand they can have our jobs. If all of our jobs are taken then we can all sit at home for the rest of our lives, be placed on welfare or unemployment, smoke the tobacco that they plucked for our cigarettes, and live off of the corn that was picked last month from Farmer Joe’s field. Doesn’t that sound like an amazing life? They can even do our handy work. If you need a new coffee table do not go to Sears and spend $50 on a new table let the Hispanic man across the street build you one; he’ll do if for free. Even if you haven’t cleaned your house in five months, ask the Hispanic lady who lives on the corner to clean it. She won’t charge a fee either. As long as you do not inform the government about the illegal status of your  Hispanic neighbors they will perform any household task that you ask for them to do. It is by far the fairest exchange that happens in the United States. Another exchange happens on every street corner in the part of town you are scared to visit. These immigrants deal the drugs that our young adults would be dealing. Let them sell the drugs instead of our youth, this keeps the American children innocent of drug dealing matters. With our kids getting arrested in fifth grade for bringing marijuana to school, we need some other culture to take over. The charges for dealing drugs are much higher than what we would receive for taking the drugs. Smuggling has always been seen as a problem, but why? They are bringing more drugs for us to use. Without Hispanic drug smugglers the drug count in the United States would be half as small. Consent to their American livelihoods so that our children are safe, from being arrested. Let us look at the other silly â€Å"laws† that are broken by the â€Å"illegals.† Many of our migrants choose to acquire fake Social Security cards. These cards will permit them to receive the same benefits that we are allotted to when we retire. Hey, if we live at home on welfare for the rest of our lives they can receive the Social Security that will deplete in a few years anyway. Their increasing number will probably cause it to drain much sooner at any rate. Driving without a license is also a problem many conservative Americans face with immigration. I cannot see why. The immigrants are so careful not to wreck because they can’t be seen without a green card or they will get deported. So naturally, they would be some of the safest drivers in the US of A. Get close to their bumpers and trail behind them. But don’t follow them into the bad part of town; you might get confused for a dealer. The presence of these immigrants and their drugs will benefit the government officials. Many more police jobs will be created in order to keep up with the constantly growing migrant number. Police will patrol nightly searching for Hispanic people who are jumping fences; this is considered to be a sign of a true border crosser. Many Americans should feel safer because there will be nightly patrols and true criminals would be caught in the process. By this point I hope you understand how important Hispanic immigrants are to our American existence. We rely on them for much more than you realize. They also save us from many hassles. Soon police will begin to over look all immigrants and so should you. Allow them to take our jobs, plow our fields, sell our drugs, and even deplete our Social Security. The country will be nothing but immigrants and the few true born Americans that are left standing will become the minority. These Hispanic crossers will make Americans feel much safer. Our real criminals are caught and our children are saved from dealing drugs. All this is caused by a few Mexican men who decided to try to cross the America-Mexico border. Their success allowed many other Hispanics to flee to the United States in order to save Americans from ourselves. We should be so grateful of the many sacrifices which Hispanics allow us to create to give them our â€Å"American Dream†

Interpreting Malcom Xs Ballot or the Bullet - 558 Words

Interpreting Malcolm X’s Ballot or the Bullet His name alone is a protest to the minds of the Caucasians of his time. TheÂâ€" X symbolizes the rejection of the ‘re-naming and the absence of an inherited African name to take its place, given to him from Caucasian slave owners or the racist and prejudice America. It was common for them to be given slave names during this time. Similarly, in his speech The Ballot or the Bullet, Malcolm X cursed the actions of the white population without any attempts to reason. His approach to the civil rights issue is in complete opposition to the tactics of other civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. Rather than trying to integrate the colored and whites, he attempts to completely separate them. Instead of wishing the blacks to integrate into the white restaurants, he wants blacks to own the restaurants. Malcolm X believed the colored population had to break the psychological, cultural, economic, and political dependency on their oppressors. By appealing to his audience with t he use of ethos, Malcolm X attacks the repetition of African-Americans to cooperate with White America, and insists they invest into their African roots, their ancestors; thus, he promotes his purpose: to instill a feeling of respect and self-help in his fellow black community, which in this time was a powerful stepping stone to the equality of the African-American population. Malcolm X begins destroying the border between Black and White America at

Metalic Organs Guarantees Life Extension for Humans

Section A Acknowledgements I acknowledge that I have got my inspiration from the story segregationist by Isaac Asimov published in 1967. I used the idea of metallic organ transplants and broaden my thoughts on the basis of organ transplantation in the later future. In extremins acquiescent ‘We have to find a solution to this problem before Mr Clark come back for his check up,’ said the bio-Eng. ‘It takes a minute for the virus to form duplicates of it which means in a week approximately 700 thousand offspring a produced. The copious they get the more compact they become hence the more difficult it will be for the person to breath,’ said the mathematician. ‘Is there no name for this outrageous organism,’ asked Doctor Anthony Boucher. ‘Not yet,’ replied the mathematician. ‘In my observations the problem is with the lungs, maybe one of the blood vessels inside the lungs are damaged which results in the lung’s malfunction.’ proposed the bio-Eng. In a doubtful expression doctor Anthony disagreed with the engineer’s hypothesis; ‘but if a microchip got damaged surely then what is causing the evident viral infection.’ ‘So far there is no mathematical explanation to this problem unless my approach is the right one,’ said the mathematician who was known to be the best of them all. The three intelligent minds were failing to resolve Mr Clark’s lung malfunction then there is no solution to this problem. While the three great minds were trying to analyse Mr Clark’s

The Family A Historical Review - 2353 Words

The Family: A Historical Review 1.1 Introduction The family is an important social institution. The concept of family is found in every known society (Murdock, 1949:1). Anthropologists classify family as individuals related by blood and marriage (Haviland 1996:230); nevertheless there remains no universal definition of the family. The forms a family might take (nuclear or extended, polygamous or monogamous) vary across cultures and time (Murdock, 1949:1). It performs six universal functions to satisfy the needs of its members, such as, reproduction, protection, socialization, regulation of sexual behaviour, attention and companionship, and providing social status (Ogburn Tibbits, 1934). The definition of the family often determines†¦show more content†¦Physical, sexual and emotional abuses are a common occurrence in many families with women and children as the main victims and men the perpetrators. Therefore, it is important to conduct a historical review of the family, as the hierarchal relation that it establishes between husband and wife will provide a better understanding of the acceptability of domestic violence throughout society and how it has come to be seen as a private matter. 1.2 Historical Review of the Brazilian Family A unitary explanation or description cannot be given for the Brazilian family structure due to its diversity racially, ethnically and socio-economically. From its inception, black slaves and descendants of African origin, Natives from several nations, and Whites from European have comprised the creation of the Brazilian nation thus, no single Brazilian family model historically (Torres Dessen, 2008:196). I will try to be succinct while I showcase the different models based on class and ethnic diversity. In looking at the historical Brazilian family structure, there are two models based on ethnic-cultural diversity. Neder (as cited in Torres Dessen, 2008) notes that the first type of Brazilian family is from the family of African slaves who are also culturally diverse. Consequently, they also do not have a single African family structure but variety of family structures, such as matriarchy, patriarchy and polygamy (196). The second

Engage in personal development in health Free Essays

Engage in personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings (SSH 32) Outcome 1 1 _ Wealth my role as a support worker It Is my duty to support an Individual to complete everyday tasks. This can be activities such as food shopping. House chores, preparing food and drinks, making and attending appointments, attending college or day centre facilities, or participating in clubs for people with special needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Engage in personal development in health or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have a responsibility to ensure the activity is achievable for the client and that I am roving the right support to achieve this. 2. As a support worker I have a duty to adhere to the codes of practice set out by my employers and also to ensure I adhere to the regulations set out by law. National occupational standards (NOSE) ensure I give the appropriate support and care to an individual. Outcome 2 1 . Reflective practice means thinking about and evaluating what I do and discussing any changes which could be made. Thinking about how I could have done something differently, what I did well and what I could have done better. It also means reflecting our own values, beliefs and experiences which shape our thoughts and ideas. By continuously evaluating my performance I am able to ensure I am providing the expected level of service set out within the company’s guidelines. 3. Everyone has different values, beliefs and experiences. We are more likely to be friendly and welcoming to people that share the same values and beliefs as us and less friendly to those that do not. However within my role it is expected that I provide he same level of care to every individual. Identifying your own beliefs and values will enable you to be aware of your reactions to others and enable them not to impact on the way you work. This is an important part of personal and professional development. Outcome 3 1 . Codes of practice are put in place to enable you to understand your role and your responsibilities. Care plans are in place for each individual and the support I am required to provide is person-centered. I have a duty to ensure I am aware of each individual’s needs and to highlight any area I believe needs refocusing. Training ensure I adhere to regulations set out by law and the policies and procedures in place adhere to the current NOSE guidelines. Outcome 4 1 . Planning and reviewing my development usually takes place during planned supervision with my manager and my yearly appraisal. However I can approach either of my team leaders if I believe I require further training that is relevant to my role, they will speak with management on my behalf. Outside sources of support such as care managers, learning disabilities team or ICQ may also highlight areas they feel further training is required if it is relevant to an individual I am to provide support too. Outcome 5 1 . Attending training courses has enabled me to provide a level of care that is specific to the needs of the individual I am providing support too. During team meetings we may discuss service users and their needs. If a colleague has found something that works for them they will highlight it and it may be something I can use when working with that individual. How to cite Engage in personal development in health, Papers

Comparison and Effect of Leadership in Securities Industry

Question: Write about theComparison and Effect of Leadership in Securities Industry. Answer: Literature Review Traditional leadership style is widely based on the traditional method of leading people for accomplishing the organizational goals. The literature study helps in understanding the underlying theoretical developments of the leadership styles. The research study aims to focus on the effects comparison of the leadership styles in the securities industry, especially in the stock market sector. In this literature section, the study would develop the clear understanding about the characteristics and the significance of the traditional leadership style. It has been observed that empathic leaderships are generally applied to the security firms for motivating the workforce and directing them towards the right track in a complex scenario (Cox, Hannif and Rowley 2014). However, on the other hand, the beneficial traits of the traditional leadership help in increasing value of the stock exchanges or the security companies. Hence, the literature study would explore the comparative analysis of the se leadership styles by discussing the suitability in this competitive scenario. Concept of Traditional Leadership In the year of 1947, Max Weber introduced the traditional leadership style along with two other styles, such as charismatic and bureaucratic. As per the conceptual ideas present in this specific leadership style, it is believed that the power is bestowed on a leader by concentrating on the past traditions. Weber was the first to distinguish between the leaders, such as charismatic leaders, bureaucratic leaders, transactional leaders, and the transformational leaders. Traditional leadership styles are often viewed by categorizing their perceptive values. According to Nanjundeswaraswamy (2015), leaders are often viewed as having the power and control due to the people who were previously in the same position and they had that power and control. In other words, as argued by Parker, Holesgrove and Pathak (2015), leaders are usually followed not because of the individuals, but their personal loyalty to the position. The modern leadership was originated from the industrial revolution when employees needed to follow the leaders who were completely authoritative in making decisions. In many of the companies, the leaders follow the fruitful leadership style selected from such traditional method. The types of the traditional leaders and their characteristics are described further: Types of Traditional Leadership Styles According to Nanjundeswaraswamy and Swamy (2014), leadership style is clearly defined by the method of leading the organisation by a person. The traditional method of leading people is characterized by the diverse nature of the leadership. These different types of leadership styles are as follows: Autocratic leadership: An autocratic leader holds the entire responsibility and authority of an organisation. Shu (2015) defined that the autocratic leaders make the decision without consulting any other subordinate in the organisation. This leadership style has no or little flexibility, which may sometimes create the negative impact on the working associates. Donald Trump is an example of autocratic leader in his business and he set a new standard of excellence. Democratic leadership: A democratic leaders consult the other subordinates to make the relevant decision. Unlike the autocratic leadership style, this leadership style is centered on the contribution of the other subordinates (Schedlitzki and Edwards 2017). The leadership style is much flexible and it helps in motivating people associated with the organisation. Steve Jobs is the most significant example of a democratic leader who regained the lost vision of Apple Inc. Strategic Leadership: McCleskey (2014) explained that the strategic leader is often considered as the head of the organisation. The strategic leaders deal with all level of the employees within the organisation. In other words, it can be implied that the strategic leaders fill the gap between the need for practicality and the need for new possibility. Transformational Leadership: The transformational leaders initiate changes in groups, oneself, and in organisation. It is to be indicated that the transformational leaders motivate the other employees in every possible ways. With the help of such leadership skills, the employees can improve their personal and professional attributes as well. Team Leadership: Al-Asfour and Lettau (2014) implied that team leadership often involves with the creation of the clear and vivid picture of the future. The vision of such leadership styles inspire the associates and provide the strengthened approach of direction and purpose. The leaders associated with this leadership style are more likely developing the coordination and cohesiveness among the team members to accomplish the pre-determined goals. Cross-cultural Leadership: The cross cultural leadership style is essential in an organisation where the various types of cultural values are present. This specific leadership style has industrialized as the form of recognizing the front runners working in the contemporary scenario of the globalised market (Shen and Austin 2017). Facilitative Leadership: The facilitative leaders are more dependent on the outcomes and measurements than the actual skills. The facilitative leaders shed lights on the process if it develops the higher performance parameter. Laissez-faire Leadership: In a laissez-faire leadership style, the employees receive the authority to work according to their ability (Lappalainen 2015). The leadership style lacks the closer supervision due to which it is often perceived as less satisfying and least effective. Transactional Leadership: Transactional leadership involves the exchange process whereby the followers receive the tangible rewards and immediate result out of the orders of their leaders. Charismatic Leadership: The charismatic leaders manifest the revolutionary power that transforms the values and beliefs of the followers. The charismatic leaders have the potentiality to improve the visionary and modify the working forms of the associated to derive more benefits. Application of traditional leadership in Security Companies Maintenance of the high empathy is essential for a leader while working in an organisation with all other associates. Security Industry includes the securities firms, banks and asset management companies. These companies serve the public and private clients armed and unarmed services of security (Guinalu and Jordn 2016). The security industry being combined with Financial Markets Association forms a United States industry trade group and represents various kinds of security industries. The traditional leadership approach in the security company can be interpreted in diverse ways. For example, the transformational leaders help the employees to develop their professional and personal skills. The complex technicalities utilized in the security company is a suitable platform for these leaders to enhance the knowledge of the employees by providing them the fruitful training session (Buble, Juras and Mati? 2014). On the other hand, the transactional leaders can reward or punish the employe es as per their performance outcome. Security Company testifies such ability of the employees and provide the insight of selecting right leadership approach. The hypothesis of the research concentrates on the differences between the empathic leadership and traditional leadership. It has been identified that the traditional approaches in the leadership style provides the diverse scenario in which the leaders can collaborate with the workforce. The closer supervision with the workforce helps in creating the vision for future. Yahaya and Ebrahim (2016) implied that leaders need to maintain the empathy but need to follow the right track of leading people. The security companies develop solutions for the business problems or protecting the confidential data. In many of the cases, the security companies deal with the technological aspects that require proper training and skilled attributes of the workers. The application of the traditional leadership helps in developing such efficiency skills of the associated employees. The traditional leaders provide the effective training session or monitor the activities of the employees in order to bring m ore improvement in their performance (McFadden, Stock and Gowen III 2015). The traditional leaders, with their diverse attributes, help the associates to improve their personal and professional skills for generating high end performance outcome. The traditional leaders provide the insights and work on upgrading the attributes of the workforce. The security companies require building trust and reliability to provide the necessary services or solutions. The traditional leaders play the most important role in developing the effectiveness among the workers. Therefore, the security companies require adopting the traditional leadership to build reliability and high standard work ethics. Application of empathic leadership in Security Companies The empathic leadership style depends on the directive and motivational aspects. In order to create the higher level of motivation, the leaders need to consider the situation and the specific direct at the beginning. The empathic leadership style includes the coaching leadership, delegating leadership, instructive leadership, and supportive leadership. Presence of these attributes help in creating the high level of motivation within the workplace. According to Northouse (2018), empathic leaders identifies the needs of the motivation and provides the supports to the associates. In a security company, the techniques used for performing functionalities are quite complex. The empathic leaders need to decide the method of supporting the workers as per the situations. For instance, when one employee requires directive leadership at the initial stage, it is essential to provide the right direction before allocating any job. The supports from the empathic leaders are necessary in such circum stances. While applied on the security companies, the empathic leaders need to develop the right direction and enriched knowledge about the security services and technological skills. Developing the higher skills in a dynamic and complex scenario creates the greater impacts on the minds of the employees. Khan and Adnan (2014) explained that the empathic leaders share the information with the associates to generate the sense of responsibility and direct efficiency for performing in a better manner. Security companies require the staffs that are quite responsible towards their works and maintain confidentiality while working any security projects. During the development of any complex project or high level of security services that are needed to be delivered to the potential clients, the security company requires the association of empathic leaders. Comparative analysis The traditional leaders and empathic leaders have the diverse characteristics while applied into the business. According to Ward (2016), the traditional leaders seek stability while the companies face the challenges from both the internal and external markets. On the contrary, Bowers, Hall and Srinivasan (2017) empathic leaders believe in rapid changes in the technologies and functionalities to develop more upgraded solutions. The traditional leaders are more focused in achieving the short term objectives whereas the empathic leaders create insights for the long term future prospects. In the security industry, this long term aspects are quite necessary, but in case of crisis, it is essential to fulfill the short term objectives as well. Another comparison provided by Yahaya and Ebrahim (2016) to define the traits of the traditional leaders. It is stated that the traditional leaders believe in creating bureaucracy, regulations and rules to develop the high level of performance outcome . On the contrary, the empathic leaders are much inclined towards creating networks, sharing vision, and establishing long term missions. However, it can be implied that in spite of the value based implications derived from the traditional approaches, the security industry can adopt more innovative approaches by developing the empathic views of the modern leaders. Relevancy of Conducting the Research (Research Question) The research explores the leadership traits present in the traditional and modern approach. It has been observed that the current business world is facing considerable challenges due to the continuous changes and technological development. A leader is the pathfinder to direct the employees towards the right track and strengthen their skills to take active participation in a competitive scenario. The research study helps in identifying the traditional leadership styles and empathic leadership styles. The comparative analysis present in the research provides the idea about the most suitable leadership approaches that can be applied to the security industry. The extensive research information gathered from the secondary source and the theoretical analysis of different leadership style clarify the idea of the subject area much significantly. Hence, it can be implied that the research is conducted to strengthen the analytical skills regarding the application of most suitable leadership st yle in the security firms. Gap in the Literature The major gap in the literature is the time constraints. The entire leadership study is vast and it requires enough time to cover up the core concepts of the leadership style. The time constraints prevented the study to be described more elaborately. However, the changing business scenario often demands for the diverse nature of the leaders based on the situation. Therefore, the exact form of leadership suitable for this industry is still to be argued. References Al-Asfour, A. and Lettau, L., 2014. Strategies for leadership styles for multi-generational workforce.Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics,11(2), p.58. Bowers, M.R., Hall, J.R. and Srinivasan, M.M., 2017. Organizational culture and leadership style: The missing combination for selecting the right leader for effective crisis management.Business Horizons,60(4), pp.551-563. Buble, M., Juras, A. and Mati?, I., 2014. The relationship between managers leadership styles and motivation.Management: journal of contemporary management issues,19(1), pp.161-193. Cox, A., Hannif, Z. and Rowley, C., 2014. Leadership styles and generational effects: Examples of US companies in Vietnam.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(1), pp.1-22. Guinalu, M. and Jordn, P., 2016. Building trust in the leader of virtual work teams.Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC,20(1), pp.58-70. Khan, A.Z. and Adnan, N., 2014. Impact of leadership styles on organizational performance.International Journal of Management Sciences,2(11), pp.501-515. Lappalainen, P., 2015. Predictors of effective leadership in industryshould engineering education focus on traditional intelligence, personality, or emotional intelligence?.European Journal of Engineering Education,40(2), pp.222-233. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. McFadden, K.L., Stock, G.N. and Gowen III, C.R., 2015. Leadership, safety climate, and continuous quality improvement: impact on process quality and patient safety.Health care management review,40(1), pp.24-34. Nanjundeswaraswamy, T., 2015. Leadership styles and quality of work life in SMEs.Management Science Letters,5(1), pp.65-78. Nanjundeswaraswamy, T.S. and Swamy, D.R., 2014. Leadership styles.Advances in management,7(2), p.57. Northouse, P.G., 2018.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Parker, D.W., Holesgrove, M. and Pathak, R., 2015. Improving productivity with self-organised teams and agile leadership.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,64(1), pp.112-128. Schedlitzki, D. and Edwards, G., 2017.Studying leadership: traditional and critical approaches. Sage. Shen, L. and Austin, L., 2017. Communication and job satisfaction.Social Issues in the Workplace: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice, p.355. Shu, C.Y., 2015. The impact of intrinsic motivation on the effectiveness of leadership style towards on work engagement.Contemporary Management Research,11(4), p.327. Ward, J., 2016.Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer. Yahaya, R. and Ebrahim, F., 2016. Leadership styles and organizational commitment: literature review.Journal of Management Development,35(2), pp.190-216.

Undergraduate Cooperative Education Programs (Co-Op Programs)

Your college education isn’t confined to the four walls of a lecture hall. That’s where Cooperative Education Programs come in. What are Cooperative Education Programs? Cooperative Education Programs, or more commonly known as Co-Op Programs, incorporates paid work experience in your field of interest to your academic courses on campus. Co-Op Programs aim to help students get real-world training in their field of study to help them gain experience to pursue a career after graduation. Universities often partner with employers in government, business, nonprofits, startups and more to secure internships for their students. Depending on the university, internships are available in different U.S. locations, and some are even available abroad. The purpose of the Co-Op Program is to give students the opportunity to apply the theory they learn in a classroom and apply it in practice. Additionally, this also helps students learn professional etiquette and better prepare them for getting a job after graduation. Why Should I Apply for Co-Op Programs? Co-Op Programs are built into your undergraduate degree. It gives you structure and forces you to look for an internship earlier than peers who are not enrolled in such programs. Since there are partner employers, it is also slightly easier for you to secure internships that would be otherwise super competitive. Co-op Program internships are all paid, so students get paid during their time at college. According to a Forbes Article in 2012, Co-Op students can earn up to $6,000 at Drexel, RIT and University of Cincinnati. Many of these students are also offered full-time return offers after graduation, thereby securing a job before their senior year. While students can also just apply for internships, co-ops are generally a lot more rewarding. Students can work full-time during school semesters, are paid internships and are often related to their specific majors. Are there Different Types of Co-Op Programs? Yes! There are typically three different types: 1. Alternating Semester/Full Time Programs This type of Co-Op Program is usually 5 years. Since students have to alternate between taking classes and working, the program is structured around 5 years instead of the traditional 4 years to finish your degree. 2. Parallel Part-Time Programs As the name suggests, you’d be working and taking classes at the same time. It’s the same as having a part-time job when you’re in college, but the internship will be directly related to your field of study. 3. One-Semester Programs You are required to finish a one semester of full time work-based learning. It almost feel like you’re taking a semester off for a 3-month internship. This model gives you a real sense of what it’s like to be in a professional environment and apply what you’ve learned in the classroom. List of Universities that Offer Co-Op Programs 1. Northeastern University The Co-Op Program is built into Northeastern’s curriculum. If this type of learning is something you’re interested in, then Northeastern might be the school for you! They offer co-op opportunities in all the majors they offer and have a dedicated Co-Op Director at each college to make sure all undergraduates get matched to a Co-Op in their field of study. Northeastern offers Co-Op jobs in different U.S. and international locations. As you consider which location to pursue your Co-Op, it’s important to consider where you want to pursue your career in the future. If you choose not to participate in the Co-Op program, there are other experiential learning requirements you must fulfill in order to graduate from Northeastern. For more information about Northeastern’s Co-Op Program, you can check out the FAQs on their website. 2. Cornell University Cornell University’s School of Engineering offers engineering students the option of participating in Co-Op. It is not required for all engineering students and is very much dependent on how it fits in with your schedule. Students are required to work at least 28 weeks, which typically includes a semester and a summer, so only students are able to complete this and all their requirements will be able to participate in it. The Co-Op job will be a paid internship with no academic credit provided, and can be with one or two employers during the 28 weeks. For more information and eligibility about Cornell’s Engineering Co-Op Program, you can check out Cornell’s website. 3. Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology offers an optional 5-year Co-Op program to all engineering majors, as well as other majors in the colleges at Georgia Tech. Students will alternate between semesters of full-time work and academic courses. During the work semesters, Co-Ops typically earn $8,000 - $10,000 and do not have to pay tuition for ther 12 hour audit-credit co-op course! If you’re interested, find out if your major offers a Co-Op program and make sure you’ll still have 3 semesters remaining after the first work term. For more information and eligibility about Georgia Tech’s Co-Op Program, you can check out Georgia Tech’s website. http://career.gatech.edu/co-op/application-process 4. Purdue University Purdue University offers two different optional Co-Op programs for students in science, engineering, management, and more. Students can choose to either participate in a 5-session or 3-session co-op, both of which are required to be done with the same employer with the purpose of fostering a strong relationship with their employer and take on more responsibility during the work sessions. On average, Purdue Co-Ops earn an average monthly salary of $2600 for the first work session and increase to $3500 by the last session. Students will still need to pay a program fee of $400 to maintain their full-time academic status. Some majors both 5-Session and 3-Session Co-Ops, while others only offer one of the options. You can find the whole list of majors that are available for Co-Ops here. For more information about Purdue’s Co-Op Program, you can read more on their website. 5. University of Cincinnati University of Cincinnati has the largest Co-Op program out of all public universities in the U.S. The model the University of Cincinnati uses is an alternating one, where students switch between semesters of paid, full-time internships and semesters of full-time classes. The Co-Op Program is required for students studying in the College of Engineering Applied Science, the College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning, as well as the School of Information Technology. Students in the College of Business and Communication majors in the College of Arts Sciences have the option of participating if they are interested. For more information about Cincinnati’s Co-Op Program, you can read more about it on their website. Know other universities that offer Co-Op programs? Let us know down in the comments below! If youre interested in applying to any of the schools listed above, ourpremium plansoffer different level of profile access and data insights that can help you get into your dream school. Unlock any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto find specific profiles that can help you make an informed choice about where to apply!

Duty to Accommodate

Duty to Accommodate Introduction The Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission created a code designed to protect employees from discrimination at the workplace. According to this legislation, employers have a duty to accommodate, where accommodation refers to reassignment of a worker or modification of his or her duties. The duty to accommodate as well as the return to work policy affects all categories of employees defined as protected; these include persons with disabilities, people with divergent religions, ancestry and family obligations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Duty to Accommodate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Details of the legislative requirements The Saskatchewan Labour Standards Act, section 44 states that employers have a duty to accommodate workers in order to eliminate discrimination unless undue financial, safety, health and hardship costs will stem from the accommodation (Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission, 2012). In order to show that a company has followed these regulations, it needs to document the process of considering the accommodation request as well as the actions taken. In this legislation, accommodation should not revolve around employee preferences; instead, it should be done in order to eliminate unreasonable barriers at work. When considering accommodation, an employer needs to keep in mind certain triggers that could necessitate it. If an employee experiences something that changes his or her ability to carry out his duties, then the duty applies. For instance, the person may be a new mother or may have changed religions and these alterations may affect the persons ability to work conventionally. Alternatively, a company may introduce new workplace policies that affect the persons ability to get work done at certain times. The Saskatchewan Code requires managers to accommodate if the return to work policy has led to discrimination against employees from any of the prohibited gr oups. In other scenarios, it could be that the individual has developed a medical condition that requires changes in the way the person works. Management should consider such possibilities prior to accommodation. Employers may also consider performance issues before accommodating. This means that they do not have to wait for requests from employees to do the same. For instance, they may get feedback from other workers that a colleague is having difficulties with work. If an employees performance levels drop or the person behaves erratically, then an employer has the obligation to accommodate him or her.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managers ought to approach such individuals about the need for accommodation. If the person refuses to pursue the matter, then a business person must document all the steps he or she took into order to abide by the Saskatchewan Labour Act. Therefore, management has the responsibility for identifying barriers and looking for options to eliminate them. Additionally, management should respect the right to privacy or confidentiality. It is not necessary for management to know all about all the details of an employee’s medical problem. All that counts is information about how one’s health condition will affect work. Furthermore, information such as employees’ family situations should not be disclosed. In essence, an accommodation request may not necessarily be written down, but it can be communicated to management clearly. Additionally, managers must familiarise themselves with the needs of employees if accommodation is necessary. Thereafter, management should organise resources and plan for ways in which accommodation can be facilitated. During this process, management will need to buy adaptive equipment or make other adjustments. It is imperative to have a plan if the accommodation will be long term. In such a scenario, parties involved should communicate frequently. Further, management should stay updated on the health status of the employee involved. Employees must play their part in this arrangement. They are expected to formally request for accommodation when something happens to affect their work, or if they become a member of one of the protected groups. They are also expected to work hand in hand with their employers and realise that they may not always get what they demand. Cooperation may be in development of a work plan or in proposing possible solutions for accommodation. Additionally, workers’ unions are obligated to cooperate with employers in the process of accommodation. Employers are must make all the arrangements necessary in order to facilitate a return to work plan. If a worker is to be reasonably accommodated prior to his or her return to work, then an employer can offer him the same job with certain modifications, such as the schedule or duties involved. Alternatively, return to work can come about by offering an employee a different job. Finally, this policy can occur by giving the worker a different job in a modified form (Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Duty to Accommodate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This legislation has its limits regardless of all the things a manager can do. Employees who have been continuously absent from work, and are unlikely to return are not covered in the Code. In this regard, an employer should apply a reasonableness test. The legislation does not apply when management must experience undue hardship in order to accommodate. If accommodation will result in considerable financial costs, then an employer may forfeit this duty. Additionally, if appreciable interruptions to business will occur, then the duty becomes non obligatory. Furthermore, an employer s hould not accommodate one worker at the expense of infringing on other employees rights. If the accommodation will undermine the safety of the concerned worker or others, then it should not be implemented. In the event that an employee claims discrimination due to the failure to accommodate, companies can be exempted if they use the bona fide occupational requirement argument. Certain professions require employees to possess particular health conditions before they can be fit enough to engage in it. For instance, drivers with a poor vision cannot perform well. Therefore, if an employer can prove that the employee lacked the bona fide occupational requirement, then the court will excuse him or her from discrimination. For this defence to apply, a manager must show that the standard (rule) was related to the concerned function, that it was done in good faith, and that lack of the standard would cause undue hardship (MacDonald, 2009). Impact of the legislation on accommodation and on r eturn to work Since the Code recognises ill or injured employees as one of the categories that are entitled to these modifications, employers have had to do as much as they can to accommodate workers. They have given employees leave of absence when illnesses or accidents occur, regardless of where the accidents took place. Additionally, when an employee recovers from an illness, an employer must leave room for a gradual return. This has changed the way things get done at the workplace because now companies must take time to allow a transition back to work. They must also dedicate resources for this process. If an employee has not fully recovered, his manager ought to change work shifts or rearrange job duties for the same to occur. Therefore, this legislation has affected the workplace by encouraging greater flexibility during company time. In certain scenarios, a person may have a permanent physical disability because of their illness. Therefore, a place of work needs to change wor k conditions so as to integrate injured workers. These requirements have altered what managers need to do in order to stay ahead.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pregnant workers or individuals with family obligations are also entitled to some alterations in work. Employers have brought together work bundles that are in line with the employees needs. Sometimes, it may be necessary to transfer the employee to a new position or alter conditions of work. For example, a pregnant worker should not do a lot of manual work or heavy lifting; an employer may have to give her a seat even when similar workers do their job while standing. Therefore, management needs to lighten their duties at this time. When delivery time approaches they should get maternal leave; fathers should also get paternal leave. If someone has children, he or she must be granted days off to meet those obligations. A child could be graduating, sick or changing schools. Persons with divergent religious backgrounds are also included in the legislation. Companies can give allowances for special festivities or rituals. For instance, a devout Muslim may need time off from work to do h is daily prayers. Alternatively, the person could have a religious holiday that he needs to celebrate. Employers ought to make these considerations before making deadlines or assigning work. Numerous possibilities exist for alternation of work policies, duties, and arrangements. Managers ought to make these decisions in order to ensure that all employees are fully accommodated. When people with a genuine need for accommodation are denied this opportunity, then a unionised worker has the right to file a grievance to the Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission through a collective agreement. Employees without unions may still file grievance through the Saskatchewan Labour Standards Act. This means that organisations can face huge financial losses if fines are imposed. Alternatively, their company image would be tarnished and this could ruin business. If companies want no business interruptions, then they should meet these obligations. Accommodation and return to work as related to an org anisation’s Integrated Disability Management Program The Saskatchewan Labour Standard Act on the duty accommodate places upon managers a responsibility to have an effective disability management program in which they offer supportive workplace policies. They should also encourage the worker, his or her union, and healthcare professionals to cooperate with management. A conducive disability management program should consist of an element of evaluation. Managers must be educated about their duties and responsibilities in the disability management program (Brooker et al., 2000). The first step in the creation of an integrated disability management program that complies with the return to work law is development of an accommodation and return to work policy. Employers need to cover all the issues that affect an injured or protected worker in a return to work policy. Some of the elements of the policy may include budgetary issues, salary replacement, transitional employment as wel l as accommodation. These policies will assist in getting commitment from top management as well as involvement from employees who need accommodation. A proper disability management program needs to have an offer of modified work. Here, a company should reduce work hours, alter a worker’s original job, transfer the worker, or minimise work load if an employee is injured. Permanent job modifications are sometimes imperative for an employee to return to work fully. This measure will reduce recurrent absenteeism from employees and will also minimise the need for high amounts of benefits. It should be noted that a company has the obligation to alter both physical and psychosocial factors in their disability management program. The latter refers to aspects such a workplace intensity or control at work while physical factors include seating positions or forceful movements. Supervisors and management who are responsible for implementation of the system ought to be educated on the pr ogram. Training should involve telling managers and supervisors about the disability or condition. This will empower them to handle the condition or disability more effectively and assist in gaining empathy from them. Lastly, the disability management program should have an evaluation phase. Here, the effectiveness of the program should be assessed on the basis of its outcomes. One parameter would be the number of workers who returned to work. Cases of workers whose conditions worsened or improved after returning to work should be noted. Even aspects such as severity of pain can also be measured. Conclusion Companies must make reasonable adjustments for employees from protected groups, injured, or ill workers. This ensures that employees are not discriminated against and that companies do not place health risks on workers. Employers have the duty to accommodate by making psychosocial and physical changes to work. This can be done by personal observation or by requests from employees . Workers and unions must also cooperate with employees in order to make it work. A supporting workplace environment ensures that employees stay employed or they can return to work and engage in productive work. References Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada (2011). Rehabilitation and return to work. Web. Brooker, A., Sinclair, S., Clarke, J., Pennick, V. Hogg-Johnson, S. (2000). Effective disability management and return to work practices. Web. MacDonald, S. (2009). Employer’s duty to accommodate an employee’s disability: When does it end?. Vancouver: Continuing Legal Education. Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission (2012). Saskatchewan Human Rights Law. Web.

A History of Greek Festivals

Together these festivals made up the ‘periodos’ [ 1 ] which was extremely important in furthering the dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points and between Greeks and non-Greeks. The competition between those take parting and the city states they were stand foring is an illustration of how those Pan-hellenic dealingss were developing. Other countries are how the direction of each of the festivals and who really attended these ‘Panhellenic’ festivals. The honor and glorification gained by the masters in each of the four Games was so great that the lone stuff awards straight received from the organizers were Crowns of assorted workss sacred to the Gods that the festivals were dedicated to. [ 2 ] This led to the term ‘periodonikes’ being created which was given to the jocks that had won competitions at all four Games and were considered to be the greatest jocks for this accomplishment. [ 3 ] This could propose that the competition between the jocks would be so ferocious that tensenesss would be created in dealingss between persons in add-on to the city states that they were stand foring. On the other manus it is deserving observing that Olympic masters were non above the jurisprudence in their place province as can be shown in the narrative of Philippos of Croton who was exiled after he became betrothed to a adult female from Sybaris even though he had been winning at the Olympic Games. [ 4 ] The memorials that were bui lt by the city states shows the committedness they had to guaranting the remainder of the Greek universe could retrieve their triumphs for many old ages to come. Not merely were the memorials dedicated to athletic triumphs but the sanctuaries where the four Panhellenic Games were held besides contained memorials honoring military triumphs over other city states. [ 5 ] This suggests the metropoliss were non interested in whether their oppositions were offended and hence strains in the dealingss between them due to the struggles the memorials were mentioning to would go on. Shortly after the creative activity of the four Panhellenic festivals in the early 6Thursdaycentury BC Athens began reorganizing their Panathenaia festival in order for it to include athletic tourneies in add-on to the musical and ecstatic competitions that had been held at that place. [ 6 ] Consequently the Panathenaic festival became more important within the athletic universe yet it was ne’er regarded every bit extremely as the four Panhellenic festivals that made up the ‘periodos’ which can be seen through the usage of expensive stuff awards [ 7 ] as opposed to the Crown prizes masters took off at the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian and Nemean Games. This suggests the jocks would hold a focal point of winning the awards alternatively of the honor they received through their triumphs. Consequently, the city states they represented would hold had less of an involvement in whether they won if the glorification of triumph was less than that in ‘periodos’ t riumphs and therefore dealingss between different city states would hold been more likely to be unchanged. The lone city state to truly profit from the revitalised Panathenaic festival would hold been Athens as they had the chance to advance their metropolis to visitants from beyond Attica yet it has been suggested that the Panathenaia was ne’er supposed to be Panhellenic and was alternatively supposed to back Athenian national pride which is why dealingss between Greeks remained unchanged. [ 8 ] The last race to be added to the programme of events at the Olympic Games in approximately 520 BC was the ‘hoplitodromos’ which involved jocks running in full armor. This peculiar race besides featured in the other Panhellenic Games which suggests the importance of such a race. Pausanias suggests the race could hold been designed to advance military preparation as contending wars was common in the Archaic Period and the menace of struggle with Iranian forces was increasing. [ 9 ] This ‘military training’ could hold besides been a manner for the city states to expose their military art and hence derive farther glorification from a military facet in add-on to the athletic facet. However Philostratus suggests as it was the last race of the competition that it symbolised the return to a militant nature after the ‘peaceful’ armistices that were established for the continuance of each of the Panhellenic festivals. [ 10 ] The armistices referred to above were designed to advance peace amongst the city states of Greece as it prohibited ground forcess to come in the countries around the sanctuaries where the festivals were held and ensured the safe transition of those go toing the festivals. [ 11 ] However as it may hold ensured peaceable dealingss for city states such as Elis it did non forestall wars from taking topographic point outside of these parts. However holding a armistice in topographic point meant people from all over the Grecian universe and beyond could garner in one topographic point and set up peaceable dealingss with others every bit good as keep them. As minister plenipotentiaries were sent out from the city states where the festivals were held in the months taking up to each of the Games to denote the beginning of them this was a method of advancing the Games whilst at the same clip advertising the city-states themselves and networking with the remainder of Greece as representatives f rom each metropolis would be chosen to have the minister plenipotentiary. [ 12 ] Harmonizing to Pausanias Pisa originally had control over the metropolis of Olympia and hence would hold governed the Olympic Games. However their â€Å"hostility† towards the Eleians caused a war which saw Elis conquer Pisa and claim the site of Olympia as theirs. [ 13 ] This combat over the ‘Panhellenic’ sanctuaries suggests metropoliss would be prepared to pay a war if it resulted in them having the honor that must hold come with bring forthing the most esteemed Games in this period. The existent disposal of the Olympic Games by the city state of Elis was by and large considered to be without prejudice. [ 14 ] The Judgess were Eleian and chosen by Elis and as a consequence it did pull some unfavorable judgment from foreigners such as Herodotus who describes the narrative of when citizens of Elis visit Egypt to inquire them their sentiment on whether the Games were being administered reasonably to which they reply they are non because Eleians themselves could co me in the competitions and therefore they would non be judged reasonably against people from different topographic points. [ 15 ] This suggests Herodotus is belittling the unity of those judging the competitions who had even named themselves as ‘Hellanodikai’ which means ‘judges of the Greeks’ . [ 16 ] It is possible that many other Greeks had this position and so it would hold the possible to make tensenesss within dealingss between those pull offing the festival and the foreigners who were take parting in it. However they may be some truth to these positions as Thomas Heine Nielsen states that Elis was the most successful province to vie in the Olympics with the bulk of triumphs in the boy’s competitions and the equestrian events although you would anticipate more entrants from Elis into these tourneies as they were closest to the Olympic sanctuary. [ 17 ] The history of the locations of the four Panhellenic festivals was important in pulling Greeks from afar as the city states that were bring forthing these Games relied on the fabulous importance of the sites. In add-on to holding sanctuaries dedicated to a major God and world-renowned prophets in topographic points like Delphi these city states managed to utilize outstanding fabulous figures such as Heracles as a method of advancing their festivals. At Olympia Heracles was traditionally the laminitis of the Olympic Games and his undertaking of get the better ofing the Nemean king of beasts was used for the Nemean Games. In Delphi it was thought that there was a battle between him and Apollo over a tripod which surface in the early 6Thursdaycentury BC. [ 18 ] Furthermore, the Isthmian Games were held in honor of Poseidon and as a consequence the Equus caballus races were the most of import portion of the festival at that place. [ 19 ] This mixture of major Gods and heroes from mytholo gy ensured the success of the Panhellenic festivals in add-on to developing the construct of Panhellenism as people from across the Grecian universe would hold identified with these myths which suggests dealingss between them would hold improved. Relationss besides had the possible to be fostered through the construction of the Pythian Games as forfeits and banquets were the lone events on the first two yearss of the five-day festival. This gave rivals and witnesss alike the â€Å"opportunity to socialize and advance sentiments of harmoniousness and community.† [ 20 ] An confederation of city states known as the Amphictyonic League were responsible for puting up the Pythian Games and the readyings for them every four old ages after they had been winning in the First Sacred War. [ 21 ] This is an illustration of Greeks from different topographic points working together and their desire to prolong the dealingss created by their engagement in the war. Producing a festival would hold besides promoted peace and community values which is shown by the Pythian armistice established during each festival. A important historical figure associated with taking the reorganization of the Pythian Games after the First Sacred War was the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon. McGregor besides believes that Cleisthenes of Sicyon was linked with the other Panhellenic festivals every bit good. The narrative of Cleisthenes and his daughter’s suers at Olympia maintains the thought that the Olympic Games were truly a universe phase for powerful leaders to acquire their vo ices heard. However Cleisthenes seemingly favoured the suers from Eretria and its Alliess as they were Ionians and he was traditionally thought to be anti-Dorian. [ 22 ] This suggests divisions amongst those viing could be formed as a consequence of cultural differences and that dealingss could go labored between Greeks from different topographic points as a effect. Furthermore, there is a possibility that the Nemean Games were established by the less dominant city state of Cleonae in concurrence with Argos in resistance to Cleisthenes of Sicyon after Cleonae had secured their freedom from Sicyon. [ 23 ] If this is true so it is farther grounds of the Panhellenic Games being used to do tenseness between city states. On the topic of who was really allowed to vie in the four Panhellenic Games it seemed to be originally sole to the nobility and the wealthy as the funerary games in honor of Patroclus in the Iliad show blue Greeks from many different topographic points compete in the chariot race which was the chief event. Chariot races were preponderantly for the wealthiest as Equus caballuss were expensive and hard to develop which meant they could expose their wealth whilst set uping dealingss with Greeks from different topographic points. [ 24 ] On the other manus this suggests that the poorest in society would non hold competed in the Panhellenic festivals such as the Isthmian Games where the equestrian events were considered to be the most esteemed and so if they did take part it would be in inferior events where they could non derive as much glorification. The suggestion that poorer persons would non vie in the major four Panhellenic festivals is evidenced by the point that they would non hold had the clip for athletic preparation [ 25 ] or to go to the four sanctuaries where each of the four Games were held if they lived a long distance off. Furthermore there were local festivals and games they could hold competed in which would hold been much more practical [ 26 ] but if this was the instance for most Greeks so at that place would hold been less of a fosterage of dealingss between people from different topographic points if they were merely interacting with others from the same community. However by the 6Thursdaycentury BC other events were added to the Panhellenic Games which meant the poorer in society could take part [ 27 ] as they were athleticss that were practiced throughout the whole of the Grecian universe. [ 28 ] This implies that the festivals became more Pan-hellenic as more people from different topographic points would be more likely to come in the competitions. Bury suggests that autocrats were the cause for this alteration as they wanted to defend the common people in order to win their support. [ 29 ] However if this ground is true so Panhellenism would merely be a side-effect of the autocrats desiring to derive more power and keep their reign. In add-on to this the autocrats could besides be a beginning of tenseness within dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points as is shown from the illustration of Cleisthenes of Sicyon trying to put up his ain Pythian Games in Sicyon after the autumn of dictatorship in Corinth meant they had more i nfluence in Delphi. [ 30 ] Relations between Corinth and Elis were besides strained in this period because of Olympia’s refusal to wipe out the names of the Cypselidae from some offerings which resulted in no Eleians being allowed to vie in the Isthmian Games and hence they were non able to derive the extremely esteemed ‘periodonikes’ rubric that athletes longed for. This is an illustration of a city-state utilizing its authorization over one of the Panhellenic festivals to demo their resistance to another city state which would hold had a well negative consequence on dealingss. In contrast Pausanias suggests that it was the â€Å"curses of Moline† that kept the Eleians off from the Isthmian Games. [ 31 ] Officially all free Grecian males were permitted to vie in the Olympic Games but this meant â€Å"females, non-Greeks and slaves were excluded from direct participation.† [ 32 ] However the Judgess make up one’s minding who could come in the competitions must hold been moderately flexible with the regulations as there is no record of person being refused entry on the evidences of their cultural individuality. [ 33 ] As a consequence of this many Grecian settlers from distant topographic points like Sicily and the north shore of the Black Sea came to Olympia during the Olympic festival. [ 34 ] Attending the festivals such as the Olympic Games was a immense benefit to Greek settlements as it meant they could remain in close contact with the mainland and set up connexions with other metropoliss and settlements whilst maintaining a safe distance off from the metropolis it originated from in order to keep its independency. Olympia besides acted as a impersonal land for neigh boring settlements who were at war with each other whilst supplying a beginning of military preparation when jocks competed in events such as the ‘hoplitodromos’ so they could support themselves against non-Greeks and other settlements. Western Greeks were slightly influential in the running of the Olympic Games which can be seen by the add-on of two new events in the early 5Thursdaycentury BC that were popular throughout Grecian settlements in the West. [ 35 ] This suggests dealingss between the settlements in the West and the Grecian mainland were good. For the dealingss between Greeks and non-Greeks Panhellenic festivals caused divisions. One of the narratives from Herodotus shows how Alexander’s rivals tried to take him from the race by claiming that he was non genuinely Grecian. [ 36 ] Another states the response of a Iranian when he is told of the â€Å"crown of olive† that athletes compete for in the Olympic Games and he was called a â€Å"coward† by a Grecian male monarch for it. [ 37 ] This dissentious facet of the Panhellenic Games can besides be seen by the usage of nakedness when viing in the competitions as it was considered absurd for high-level males in cultural groups such as the Persians or Lydians to look bare when practising athletics. [ 38 ] These illustrations show the contrasts between the Greeks manner of thought compared to the remainder of the universe and how this was implemented at the Panhellenic festivals. Ultimately the four Panhellenic festivals that formed the ‘periodos’ were designed in a manner that promoted Greek individuality and therefore dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points were frequently fostered through the shared faith and mythology of the sanctuaries where they were held every bit good as the shared athleticss that the competitions were comprised of. Nevertheless the jocks were ferociously competitory as they were the most esteemed competitions in the Greek universe which suggests tensenesss would hold developed in dealingss between non merely the jocks themselves but besides the city states they were stand foring. Armistices were established during each of the four festivals but this did non forestall war from happening outside of the affected parts. Furthermore it was the blue and the wealthy who chiefly competed in the extremely esteemed events such as chariot racing which would hold received the most honour for winning but with autoc rats presenting more events aimed at poorer persons there was the possibility that more dealingss were being fostered between Greeks from different degrees of society. Overall, the Panhellenic festivals did much to further dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points even if it was non the primary purpose sometimes. On the other manus festivals such as the Olympic Games showed a clear divide between the Greeks and the remainder of the universe and consequently dealingss between them would hold been less developed. A History of Greek Festivals Together these festivals made up the ‘periodos’ [ 1 ] which was extremely important in furthering the dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points and between Greeks and non-Greeks. The competition between those take parting and the city states they were stand foring is an illustration of how those Pan-hellenic dealingss were developing. Other countries are how the direction of each of the festivals and who really attended these ‘Panhellenic’ festivals. The honor and glorification gained by the masters in each of the four Games was so great that the lone stuff awards straight received from the organizers were Crowns of assorted workss sacred to the Gods that the festivals were dedicated to. [ 2 ] This led to the term ‘periodonikes’ being created which was given to the jocks that had won competitions at all four Games and were considered to be the greatest jocks for this accomplishment. [ 3 ] This could propose that the competition between the jocks would be so ferocious that tensenesss would be created in dealingss between persons in add-on to the city states that they were stand foring. On the other manus it is deserving observing that Olympic masters were non above the jurisprudence in their place province as can be shown in the narrative of Philippos of Croton who was exiled after he became betrothed to a adult female from Sybaris even though he had been winning at the Olympic Games. [ 4 ] The memorials that were bui lt by the city states shows the committedness they had to guaranting the remainder of the Greek universe could retrieve their triumphs for many old ages to come. Not merely were the memorials dedicated to athletic triumphs but the sanctuaries where the four Panhellenic Games were held besides contained memorials honoring military triumphs over other city states. [ 5 ] This suggests the metropoliss were non interested in whether their oppositions were offended and hence strains in the dealingss between them due to the struggles the memorials were mentioning to would go on. Shortly after the creative activity of the four Panhellenic festivals in the early 6Thursdaycentury BC Athens began reorganizing their Panathenaia festival in order for it to include athletic tourneies in add-on to the musical and ecstatic competitions that had been held at that place. [ 6 ] Consequently the Panathenaic festival became more important within the athletic universe yet it was ne’er regarded every bit extremely as the four Panhellenic festivals that made up the ‘periodos’ which can be seen through the usage of expensive stuff awards [ 7 ] as opposed to the Crown prizes masters took off at the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian and Nemean Games. This suggests the jocks would hold a focal point of winning the awards alternatively of the honor they received through their triumphs. Consequently, the city states they represented would hold had less of an involvement in whether they won if the glorification of triumph was less than that in ‘periodos’ t riumphs and therefore dealingss between different city states would hold been more likely to be unchanged. The lone city state to truly profit from the revitalised Panathenaic festival would hold been Athens as they had the chance to advance their metropolis to visitants from beyond Attica yet it has been suggested that the Panathenaia was ne’er supposed to be Panhellenic and was alternatively supposed to back Athenian national pride which is why dealingss between Greeks remained unchanged. [ 8 ] The last race to be added to the programme of events at the Olympic Games in approximately 520 BC was the ‘hoplitodromos’ which involved jocks running in full armor. This peculiar race besides featured in the other Panhellenic Games which suggests the importance of such a race. Pausanias suggests the race could hold been designed to advance military preparation as contending wars was common in the Archaic Period and the menace of struggle with Iranian forces was increasing. [ 9 ] This ‘military training’ could hold besides been a manner for the city states to expose their military art and hence derive farther glorification from a military facet in add-on to the athletic facet. However Philostratus suggests as it was the last race of the competition that it symbolised the return to a militant nature after the ‘peaceful’ armistices that were established for the continuance of each of the Panhellenic festivals. [ 10 ] The armistices referred to above were designed to advance peace amongst the city states of Greece as it prohibited ground forcess to come in the countries around the sanctuaries where the festivals were held and ensured the safe transition of those go toing the festivals. [ 11 ] However as it may hold ensured peaceable dealingss for city states such as Elis it did non forestall wars from taking topographic point outside of these parts. However holding a armistice in topographic point meant people from all over the Grecian universe and beyond could garner in one topographic point and set up peaceable dealingss with others every bit good as keep them. As minister plenipotentiaries were sent out from the city states where the festivals were held in the months taking up to each of the Games to denote the beginning of them this was a method of advancing the Games whilst at the same clip advertising the city-states themselves and networking with the remainder of Greece as representatives f rom each metropolis would be chosen to have the minister plenipotentiary. [ 12 ] Harmonizing to Pausanias Pisa originally had control over the metropolis of Olympia and hence would hold governed the Olympic Games. However their â€Å"hostility† towards the Eleians caused a war which saw Elis conquer Pisa and claim the site of Olympia as theirs. [ 13 ] This combat over the ‘Panhellenic’ sanctuaries suggests metropoliss would be prepared to pay a war if it resulted in them having the honor that must hold come with bring forthing the most esteemed Games in this period. The existent disposal of the Olympic Games by the city state of Elis was by and large considered to be without prejudice. [ 14 ] The Judgess were Eleian and chosen by Elis and as a consequence it did pull some unfavorable judgment from foreigners such as Herodotus who describes the narrative of when citizens of Elis visit Egypt to inquire them their sentiment on whether the Games were being administered reasonably to which they reply they are non because Eleians themselves could co me in the competitions and therefore they would non be judged reasonably against people from different topographic points. [ 15 ] This suggests Herodotus is belittling the unity of those judging the competitions who had even named themselves as ‘Hellanodikai’ which means ‘judges of the Greeks’ . [ 16 ] It is possible that many other Greeks had this position and so it would hold the possible to make tensenesss within dealingss between those pull offing the festival and the foreigners who were take parting in it. However they may be some truth to these positions as Thomas Heine Nielsen states that Elis was the most successful province to vie in the Olympics with the bulk of triumphs in the boy’s competitions and the equestrian events although you would anticipate more entrants from Elis into these tourneies as they were closest to the Olympic sanctuary. [ 17 ] The history of the locations of the four Panhellenic festivals was important in pulling Greeks from afar as the city states that were bring forthing these Games relied on the fabulous importance of the sites. In add-on to holding sanctuaries dedicated to a major God and world-renowned prophets in topographic points like Delphi these city states managed to utilize outstanding fabulous figures such as Heracles as a method of advancing their festivals. At Olympia Heracles was traditionally the laminitis of the Olympic Games and his undertaking of get the better ofing the Nemean king of beasts was used for the Nemean Games. In Delphi it was thought that there was a battle between him and Apollo over a tripod which surface in the early 6Thursdaycentury BC. [ 18 ] Furthermore, the Isthmian Games were held in honor of Poseidon and as a consequence the Equus caballus races were the most of import portion of the festival at that place. [ 19 ] This mixture of major Gods and heroes from mytholo gy ensured the success of the Panhellenic festivals in add-on to developing the construct of Panhellenism as people from across the Grecian universe would hold identified with these myths which suggests dealingss between them would hold improved. Relationss besides had the possible to be fostered through the construction of the Pythian Games as forfeits and banquets were the lone events on the first two yearss of the five-day festival. This gave rivals and witnesss alike the â€Å"opportunity to socialize and advance sentiments of harmoniousness and community.† [ 20 ] An confederation of city states known as the Amphictyonic League were responsible for puting up the Pythian Games and the readyings for them every four old ages after they had been winning in the First Sacred War. [ 21 ] This is an illustration of Greeks from different topographic points working together and their desire to prolong the dealingss created by their engagement in the war. Producing a festival would hold besides promoted peace and community values which is shown by the Pythian armistice established during each festival. A important historical figure associated with taking the reorganization of the Pythian Games after the First Sacred War was the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon. McGregor besides believes that Cleisthenes of Sicyon was linked with the other Panhellenic festivals every bit good. The narrative of Cleisthenes and his daughter’s suers at Olympia maintains the thought that the Olympic Games were truly a universe phase for powerful leaders to acquire their vo ices heard. However Cleisthenes seemingly favoured the suers from Eretria and its Alliess as they were Ionians and he was traditionally thought to be anti-Dorian. [ 22 ] This suggests divisions amongst those viing could be formed as a consequence of cultural differences and that dealingss could go labored between Greeks from different topographic points as a effect. Furthermore, there is a possibility that the Nemean Games were established by the less dominant city state of Cleonae in concurrence with Argos in resistance to Cleisthenes of Sicyon after Cleonae had secured their freedom from Sicyon. [ 23 ] If this is true so it is farther grounds of the Panhellenic Games being used to do tenseness between city states. On the topic of who was really allowed to vie in the four Panhellenic Games it seemed to be originally sole to the nobility and the wealthy as the funerary games in honor of Patroclus in the Iliad show blue Greeks from many different topographic points compete in the chariot race which was the chief event. Chariot races were preponderantly for the wealthiest as Equus caballuss were expensive and hard to develop which meant they could expose their wealth whilst set uping dealingss with Greeks from different topographic points. [ 24 ] On the other manus this suggests that the poorest in society would non hold competed in the Panhellenic festivals such as the Isthmian Games where the equestrian events were considered to be the most esteemed and so if they did take part it would be in inferior events where they could non derive as much glorification. The suggestion that poorer persons would non vie in the major four Panhellenic festivals is evidenced by the point that they would non hold had the clip for athletic preparation [ 25 ] or to go to the four sanctuaries where each of the four Games were held if they lived a long distance off. Furthermore there were local festivals and games they could hold competed in which would hold been much more practical [ 26 ] but if this was the instance for most Greeks so at that place would hold been less of a fosterage of dealingss between people from different topographic points if they were merely interacting with others from the same community. However by the 6Thursdaycentury BC other events were added to the Panhellenic Games which meant the poorer in society could take part [ 27 ] as they were athleticss that were practiced throughout the whole of the Grecian universe. [ 28 ] This implies that the festivals became more Pan-hellenic as more people from different topographic points would be more likely to come in the competitions. Bury suggests that autocrats were the cause for this alteration as they wanted to defend the common people in order to win their support. [ 29 ] However if this ground is true so Panhellenism would merely be a side-effect of the autocrats desiring to derive more power and keep their reign. In add-on to this the autocrats could besides be a beginning of tenseness within dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points as is shown from the illustration of Cleisthenes of Sicyon trying to put up his ain Pythian Games in Sicyon after the autumn of dictatorship in Corinth meant they had more i nfluence in Delphi. [ 30 ] Relations between Corinth and Elis were besides strained in this period because of Olympia’s refusal to wipe out the names of the Cypselidae from some offerings which resulted in no Eleians being allowed to vie in the Isthmian Games and hence they were non able to derive the extremely esteemed ‘periodonikes’ rubric that athletes longed for. This is an illustration of a city-state utilizing its authorization over one of the Panhellenic festivals to demo their resistance to another city state which would hold had a well negative consequence on dealingss. In contrast Pausanias suggests that it was the â€Å"curses of Moline† that kept the Eleians off from the Isthmian Games. [ 31 ] Officially all free Grecian males were permitted to vie in the Olympic Games but this meant â€Å"females, non-Greeks and slaves were excluded from direct participation.† [ 32 ] However the Judgess make up one’s minding who could come in the competitions must hold been moderately flexible with the regulations as there is no record of person being refused entry on the evidences of their cultural individuality. [ 33 ] As a consequence of this many Grecian settlers from distant topographic points like Sicily and the north shore of the Black Sea came to Olympia during the Olympic festival. [ 34 ] Attending the festivals such as the Olympic Games was a immense benefit to Greek settlements as it meant they could remain in close contact with the mainland and set up connexions with other metropoliss and settlements whilst maintaining a safe distance off from the metropolis it originated from in order to keep its independency. Olympia besides acted as a impersonal land for neigh boring settlements who were at war with each other whilst supplying a beginning of military preparation when jocks competed in events such as the ‘hoplitodromos’ so they could support themselves against non-Greeks and other settlements. Western Greeks were slightly influential in the running of the Olympic Games which can be seen by the add-on of two new events in the early 5Thursdaycentury BC that were popular throughout Grecian settlements in the West. [ 35 ] This suggests dealingss between the settlements in the West and the Grecian mainland were good. For the dealingss between Greeks and non-Greeks Panhellenic festivals caused divisions. One of the narratives from Herodotus shows how Alexander’s rivals tried to take him from the race by claiming that he was non genuinely Grecian. [ 36 ] Another states the response of a Iranian when he is told of the â€Å"crown of olive† that athletes compete for in the Olympic Games and he was called a â€Å"coward† by a Grecian male monarch for it. [ 37 ] This dissentious facet of the Panhellenic Games can besides be seen by the usage of nakedness when viing in the competitions as it was considered absurd for high-level males in cultural groups such as the Persians or Lydians to look bare when practising athletics. [ 38 ] These illustrations show the contrasts between the Greeks manner of thought compared to the remainder of the universe and how this was implemented at the Panhellenic festivals. Ultimately the four Panhellenic festivals that formed the ‘periodos’ were designed in a manner that promoted Greek individuality and therefore dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points were frequently fostered through the shared faith and mythology of the sanctuaries where they were held every bit good as the shared athleticss that the competitions were comprised of. Nevertheless the jocks were ferociously competitory as they were the most esteemed competitions in the Greek universe which suggests tensenesss would hold developed in dealingss between non merely the jocks themselves but besides the city states they were stand foring. Armistices were established during each of the four festivals but this did non forestall war from happening outside of the affected parts. Furthermore it was the blue and the wealthy who chiefly competed in the extremely esteemed events such as chariot racing which would hold received the most honour for winning but with autoc rats presenting more events aimed at poorer persons there was the possibility that more dealingss were being fostered between Greeks from different degrees of society. Overall, the Panhellenic festivals did much to further dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points even if it was non the primary purpose sometimes. On the other manus festivals such as the Olympic Games showed a clear divide between the Greeks and the remainder of the universe and consequently dealingss between them would hold been less developed.